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Arena (web browser)
Web browser and Web authoring tool for Unix

The Arena browser (also known as the Arena WWW Browser) was one of the first web browsers for Unix. Originally begun by Dave Raggett in 1993, development continued at CERN and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and subsequently by Yggdrasil Computing. Arena was used in testing the implementations for HTML version 3.0, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), Portable Network Graphics (PNG), and libwww. Arena was widely used and popular at the beginning of the World Wide Web.

Arena, which predated Netscape Navigator and Microsoft's Internet Explorer, featured a number of innovations used later in commercial products. It was the first browser to support background images, tables, text flow around images, and inline mathematical expressions.

The Arena browser served as the W3C's testbed browser from 1994 to 1996 when it was succeeded by the Amaya project.

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History

In 1993, Dave Raggett, then at Hewlett-Packard (HP) in Bristol, England devoted his spare time to developing Arena on which he hoped to demonstrate new and future HTML specifications. Development of the browser was slow because Raggett was the lone developer and HP, which like many other computer corporations at the time, was unconvinced that the Internet would succeed and thus did not consider investing in web browser development.17 Raggett demonstrated the browser at the first World Wide Web Conference in Geneva, Switzerland in 199418 and the 1994 ISOC conference in Prague19 to show text flow around images, forms, and other aspects of HTML later termed as the HTML+ specification.20 Raggett subsequently partnered with CERN, to develop Arena further as a proof of concept browser for this work. Using the Arena browser, Dave Raggett, Henrik Frystyk Nielsen, Håkon Wium Lie and others demonstrated text flow around a figure with captions, resizable tables, image backgrounds, HTML math, and other features.212223242526 At the Web World conference in Orlando, in early 1995, Raggett demonstrated the different new features of Arena.27

Since July 1994 Lie was integrating libwww and CSS and helping Raggett.2829 In October 1995, Yves Lafon joined the team for a year to provide support for HTML form and style sheet development.3031

Arena was originally released for Unix, and although there was talk of a Windows and Macintosh port,323334 neither came to fruition.3536

Despite its time of development, Arena is in certain areas a relatively modern browser; because it functioned as a testbed,37 it saw the implementation of new technologies long before they became mainstream, e.g. CSS. Arena implemented many elements of the HTML3 and HTML3.2 specification including math elements38 that were deprecated in HTML4, HTML tables,39 and experimental style sheets.40

W3C pre-Beta

The development history and the source code of earlier software builds are not well documented,41424344 because the developers did not want to distribute the source code until they considered the browser to be stable.45 In version 0.95, support for inline JPEG images was added.46 In version 0.96, support was added for the FTP, NNTP, and Gopher protocols, as well as experimental support for CSS.4748 In Arena 0.98 Dave Beckett added full PNG support.49

W3C Beta-1

The W3C published 5 versions of the Arena beta-1 between 27 November 1995 and 8 February 1996 improving 16-bit operating system support50 and reimplementing CSS (which was still a Working Draft).51 The W3C and the INRIA, a French national research institution, gave additional funding to develop CSS.52535455 To better implement and write CSS, an experimental style sheet for Arena was developed. On 22 May 1996, the W3C announced that Amaya will replace Arena as their new testbed and that the W3C was looking for a new maintainer because the W3C did not have the resources for two testbeds.56

W3C Beta-2

Beta-2 had two builds (beta-2a: 28 February 1996 and beta-2b: 21 March 1996) and introduced a new API for communicating with other applications.575859 Also, the internal component libwww was updated to version 4.60 OMRON Corporation developed an internationalized version that could display Chinese, Korean and Japanese characters in one page.61 OMRON's Arena supports both ISO-2022 and Unicode. It is able to guess the charset parameter automatically if charset parameter isn't specified in Content-Type field.626364

W3C Beta-3

Beta-3a released on 14 August 1996 and Beta-3b released on 16 September 1996 introduced support for the Linux operating systems on m68k and DEC Alpha.65 CSS 1 support was enhanced66 and the internationalized version was also updated.67 Between the two beta-3 releases the W3C was already looking at a new testbed68 and switched later to the Amaya browser.69 Beta-3 was the last involvement of the W3C in the development of Arena. On 17 February 1997, Yggdrasil Computing took over the role of developing the browser.70

Yggdrasil phase

On 17 February 1997, the W3C approved Yggdrasil to coordinate future development of Arena.71 Development was taken over by Yggdrasil, with the idea to turn Arena into an open source X Window System browser licensed under the GNU General Public License.72 Yggdrasil licensed an X emulator from Pearl Software to port Arena to Windows,73 although these builds were never released. Yggdrasil did not provide any official binaries at this time, because they did not want to expand the community with alpha-quality software.74 Although users would be able to run Arena by compiling it from the published source code, volunteers created unofficial finished binaries.75 Yggdrasil had planned to implement browsing features that were already standard in competitive web browsers,7677 which resulted in the new bookmarks feature in version 0.3.18 on 7 April 1997.78

Development stopped in late 1998, with the final release being on 25 November 1998.7980 The W3C did not consider demonstration projects to be high priority, and thus, the Arena browser was entirely shut down in favor of outside Linux-community development.81

Features

Arena supported the following features:

  • HTML3.0 – the HTML3.2 standard predecessor, which includes <math>, tables, forms, etc.828384
  • CSS18586
  • style sheet editing. This very experimental style sheet editor was implemented using forms87
  • editing remote HTML pages88
  • MIME (reads your mailcap file and applies the rules)89
  • direct access to WAIS engines (optionally)90
  • HTTP 1.1 proposed by RFC 2068 (formerly called HTTP-NG)9192
  • HTML editing with external editor93
  • external client communication (API94 and HTML "mailto:" scheme95)
  • PNG, JPEG,9697 GIF9899 (but not animated GIFs)100
  • Bookmarks (since 0.3.18)101
  • full XPM (since 0.3.33) and full XBM (since 0.3.34)102103
  • Java applets (since 0.3.39)104
  • HTML Table support105
  • HTML Math equations106107108
  • Link rendition109
  • FTP,110111 NNTP,112 Gopher113

Technical

Arena was built using the multi-threaded library of common code called the W3C Reference Library, now called libwww.114115116 Originally, the Arena browser was built on top of Xlib as Raggett considered the programming manuals for Motif and other X libraries to be rather daunting.

Version numbering

Arena has three different systems for the version numbering. The W3C pre-beta phase uses a system of numbers up to 0.99, which indicated that these builds were in alpha-quality and the browser could have new features. The beta phase changed the version numbering to a system consisting of the word "Beta-" beta followed by a number. After the beta-phase, the final product would have the version 1.0. After Yggdrasil overtook the development, the development status was changed from the W3C beta builds back to alpha, implying that the Arena browser wasn't yet ready for release.117 The beta-3e version numbering then became 0.3.5 in GNU style118119 Development remained in alpha stage until 0.3.62, and never again advanced to beta.

Criticism

Although Arena ran well,120 there were inconsistent reports about the speed of Arena.121122

The biggest problems were that Arena couldn't handle forms,123124 and that the PNG support was broken from version 0.3.07 on. Earlier Arena releases had full alpha-channel support, but only with using Arena's own "sandy" background pattern.125126127 The animated GIFs extension – presented by Netscape in March 1996 – did not work properly.128

Other problems included rendering problems with tables,129 and the lack of integration of so-called extended HTML code, i.e. the <BG COLOR>-tag130 and the <DIV ALIGN>-tag.131

Earlier versions of Arena (until 0.3.26 (01.06.97))132 did not support the email MIME.133

Screenshots

Screenshots of the unreleased development of the W3C Arena version 1.0a

Timeline of releases

Notes

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Free and open-source software portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arena (web browser).

References

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